Tracking

 

Tracking

December 12, 2013

It was still cold.  Snow blanketed the ground and was still stuck to tree trunks, limbs and branches.  But, lately the temperature had been inching up the thermometer, creating a bit of melt, most evidenced by lengthening icicles from the eaves of the house.  The blanket of snow had begun to shrink and condense a little, so it was not quite as deep.

But, then the temperature dropped.  I wanted to see the condition of the water in Cottonwood Pond.

On my way down slope, I began to see animal tracks in the snow.  At the top, I found a trail of tiny prints made by a mouse.  Even this tiny animal's feet sunk deeper on this day, and so there was some evidence of its tail brushing the snow.  I could not help but think of how vulnerable this dark little animal must be against the bright snow, how visible to owls and coyotes.  But, it may have been traveling here before full light of day.

When I reached the bottom of the woods, I found the creek frozen, a thick layer of ice glistening in the morning light.  The slow movement of cold water had been frozen in mid-motion.

My attention was captured by animal prints in the snow, telling a story of the animal's night or dawn movements toward Cottonwood Pond.

The tracks continued through the “seep”.

The animal skirted around Cottonwood Pond and headed for the “little pond” by the topside of the root ball.  I recalled the canine tracks I had found twice before, in mud, where the fox or coyote had used the open “alleyway” around the bit and little ponds to cut through the woods and head uphill.  But, these new tracks trolled through the snow and veered to the right, to the edge of “little pond”.

Was this a canine, again?  I could not tell.  The tracks were too deep.  Also, some ice crystals had formed, and some snow had fallen or blown in to the tracks.  All of these factors obscured the prints.

The footstep taken closest to the pond must have been the coldest, as the foot had pressed into a deep, soft, wet space before finding solid ice.

The animal had crossed “little pond” and headed toward the trunk of the fallen Cottonwood.  I could see where it had disturbed the pile of snow between the pond and the tree.  Had it hopped or clambered over the tree?

Nope.  The snow on top of the fallen tree was pure, clean and undisturbed.  I looked over the tree to the other side – and there were the tracks again.  How did it get there?  I did not see a space large enough under the tree for it to get through, from the set of prints on one side to the set on the other.  The space would be large enough for a mouse or vole, but not for the larger mammal, whatever it was, that left these tracks.

I examined the first side again.  Along and below the fallen tree was a protected area with no snow.  Had the animal found it couldn't get under the tree at the other side of “little pond”, then walked along this stretch of no-snow until it found a place large enough to squeeze under and through?

Yes!  The spot large enough to get under matched up with the area of tracks on the other side.

Some other clues were here.  The animal seemed to have done some trampling where it came through.  Was this from some struggle to get itself through and upright again?  Or did it stop to rest here?  Or did it meet with another animal, resulting in some struggle or disagreement?  Some tracks went a little way alongside the tree to the lower right, and other ones led away to the left.  Because of the obscurity, I could not tell if both sets were from the same  animal. Also, I could see some dusting of brown on the snow around this exit/entrance. There had been some disturbance of the bark and soil.  

At this point, I could guess at a few things about this animal.  It was not long-legged, because it did not attempt to go over the fallen tree, but sought a place close to the ground.  It also chose to go under the tree instead of trotting away through the woods to to swiftly around the tree.

 It was definitely not a coyote, a fox, or a deer.  It was an animal close to the ground, like a raccoon of opossum, or a skunk.  None of these animals hibernate, but instead are active at various times in the winter.

 

The Mystery Mammal had continued on its way, under and over fallen trees.

Near its trail was a different trail, made by Mystery Mammal #2.  The tracks seemed to go directly to (or from) the base of a live tree, and seemed to have been bringing along a fluffy tail behind it.

Its trail beyond the tree seemed to be even more hurried.  The sets of prints were farther apart, and the impact of the forward feet was deeper, showing that it had been leaping.  Maybe it did have an encounter with Mystery Mammal #1, or was trying to avoid an encounter.  My guess was that Mystery Mammal #2 was a squirrel.  

Now, back to Mystery Mammal #1, to see where it was going.....

… over a log, scrambling in a rather clumsy, sloppy manner.  This was definitely a low-to-the-ground, thick-bodied mammal.

Shuffling through the deep snow, it encountered another fallen tree, and decided to traverse the length of it.

It left one almost clear print on this log, where it had knocked off snow and stepped on the spot again.  It was still difficult for me to identify.

It scrambled along the fallen old tree, perhaps finding itself higher from the ground than it intended, losing its footing, knocking off more snow....

...in the process, leaving these claw marks, which are definitely not those of a domestic cat..  I dropped “raccoon” from my list of possibilities.  A raccoon is much more adept and agile, and though the have claws, probably would not leave marks of this nature. 

Also, I am very familiar with raccoon prints, those of its front feet resembling tiny human hands, and those of its back feet a stretched-out version of the front.  Opossums and skunks, however, have claws that could leave these mark, skunks using theirs to dig in rotten wood and soil for delectable worms and bugs.

Here is the mess that our clumsy friend made of the snow-covered log.

The animal finally jumped (or partly fell) from the log and continued on its way through the lowland...

… and on through a tumble of old logs...

...around a clump of rotten wood...

...where it evidently stopped to sniff and see if there was anything interesting in this little “den”.  Again, brown specks on the circle of snow show that something had rubbed against the rotting wood and then the snowy entrance/exit.

A smaller animal passed by here, around the logs and through the remaining stalks of last summer's Pokeweed.

Mystery Mammal traveled under another fallen log.

Again, another animal traveled nearby, this one leaving some drag marks in the snow.

Meanwhile, Mystery Mammal went under another log (maybe it wasn't going to try “walking the log” anymore)...

...and another (yes, there are many fallen trees in our woods)...

...through a deep pile of snow and over a truly close-to-the-ground log.

On the way, while following Mystery Mammal's trail, I found a place where birds had been partaking of seed fallen from dried plants.

But then I was distracted because I found myself at Cottonwood Pond, on the opposite side from where I had started tracking Mystery Mammal.  The pond water was frozen thickly.  I found a very curious antenna-like pattern in the ice.  There was not a branch under the surface to create this.  Had the movement of an aquatic animal created this, while the surface was still slushy, just before the air temperature fell abruptly?  I don't know of an aquatic animal that would have been active in the cold, but there were two frozen bubbles near the base of the design's “stem”.  

Another curious phenomenon was a little section of melted ice and water at the southeast corner of the pond.  This occurred nowhere else on the pond’s edges, and it was at a north-facing corner.  Clear, thin ice layers around the outer edge made me wonder if this was a spot where terrestrial animals came to the edge for a drink, maybe thawing some thin ice with the warm breath of their snouts.  But, there were no tracks going to the edge.

 I would not think that any animal in the cold water (which would have to be ectotherms, whose body temperature is close to the surrounding air or water) could create a spot like this.  However, there were bubbles frozen in the icy surface just beyond this spot.

Maybe it was created by something not animal (or plant) at all.  Maybe it is purely an aspect of physics.

Another oddity was the way the dead, fallen leaves were frozen into the pond’s surface, bulging from it, yet covered thickly with ice.  They must have had a layer of slush on them that quickly froze, and perhaps the freezing action under them pushed them up further.

There also were slight wave patterns on part of the surface, again indicating a fast freeze, probably during a strong enough wind to push the slush.  It looks like the wind came from the east, or from an ESE direction.

The frozen surface revealed something else:  how much dirt falls from the root ball (as the mud dries) and collects on the bottom of Cottonwood Pond.

It was time to turn my attention back to the trail of Mystery Mammal…

…who had climbed over another snow-covered log …

…. and under another one, where part of the frozen creek was exposed …

… then down the frozen creek, scrambling through more deep snow, and under another fallen tree.

From there, Mystery Mammal continued on along the part of the creek where fallen trees criss-cross in horizontal and slanted patterns, creating many bridges.  Mystery Mammal shuffled over and under these, navigating drifts of snow that gathered between trees, and into the distance.

Because of this tangled mess, and also because time was getting on, I did now follow the trail any further.  If I had, though, I might have found that it ended at a den, that it had left bits of hair caught on branches, or that it had left evidence of a meal or some scat.  I might have had more clues as to the identity of Mystery Mammal.

Instead, my tracking time was over for the day.  I would leave Mystery Mammal to its own mysteries, as I turned toward the rising sun and walked out of the woods.

Bonus Feature:

 

Winter Storm

Winter Storm

December 6, 2013

It began on the afternoon of Thursday, December 5, as a series of types of precipitation fell in rapid succession – first rain, then freezing rain, then sleet, then little pellets of ice.  The weather had been rather warm for early December, but then the temperature plummeted, and surfaces became shiny and slick.  Then, on top of all of this, snow fell and added deep, puffy layers.  It snowed heavily all evening, all night, and all the next day.  It was snowing when I went to the woods to see Cottonwood Pond.

This weather would not be much to those living in climes much further north, but it was unusual for southwestern Indiana, on the tail of autumn, well before the Winter Solstice.  Our climate and planting zone more closely resemble our neighbor to the south, Kentucky. 

We did not measure the snow at our place, but there were reports throughout southern Indiana ranging from 8” to 11”, with much deeper drifts.  Children woke up Friday morning to their first “snow day” of the year.  In fact, all schools and practically all area activities were cancelled, including any plans I had that involved driving to town.

In the above photo, taken from uphill at the edge of the woods, you can clearly see the great root ball and a bit of the pond below it.  You can also see the trunk of the fallen Cottonwood, covered with snow and stretching outward and uphill above the root ball.  It seems so much smaller from this distance.  If you follow the trunk upward, you can see where it is lodged in the fork of the two-trunk Red Oak.  The snow makes all of this so much clearer.

There were animal footprints going down the slope, made earlier that morning, but the continuous snowfall had since obscured their identity.

My own boots sunk deeply with each step down the slope.

This was my view of Cottonwood Pond from halfway down the slope.

 To the right, my fallen “resting tree” was resting under deep snow cover.

Some seeds of Sweet Cicely were still clinging to the plants, their sickle shapes clear against the snowy background.

Tree seedlings and saplings were stark and clear against the snow, too.  I thought this group looked like a family of stick figures – Mom and Dad taking the kids on a “snow day” walk.  The teenager is far in front of the group, of course.

 

 

A row of straight fallen tree trunks contrasted with the curved forms of saplings and young trees that had been bent under the weight of fallen neighbors.

It was difficult to recognize the rotten log that spans the creek and stretches past the pond.

 

 

A sheltered spot where the creek goes under the rotten log.  I wondered if there might be more stream life lodged in the mud and leaves there than in more exposed creek waters.

 And here flowed the creek, rippling and icy, edges and banks obscured by fluffy, thick snow.  Beyond that log is the winter version of the big Jewelweed patch.

The American Hornbeam (Blue Beech) at the edge of Cottonwood Pond, with leaves still clinging.

The “seep”.

Cottonwood Pond.   

The fluffy, snowy, encroaching edges made the pond seem smaller.

The pond had not developed solid ice yet, but a slushy surface was developing, and the boundary between water and snow had become fuzzy.

At the far edge of the pond, the deep snow created a small haven under a fallen tree.

Bits of snow fell from the root ball, making interesting white-edged circles in the pond surface.  Any dripping water had, by this time, become tiny icicles.

A branch of the American Hornbeam touched the pond surface.

On the top side of the root ball, the “little pond” looked like an aerial view of two lakes on the tundra.

The denizens of the root ball top were sagging under heavy snow.

The trunk of the fallen Cottonwood.

Snow atop a nearby log.

Stinging Nettle in the lowland

The layers of fallen leaves have sunk more deeply into the creek bottom and have begun to mash together.  A little bit of fall color was still evident.

As the pond surface was turning into opaque ice, I could not see the leaf layers there.  I would just trust that the Cycle of Life was continuing down below the surface, on the bottom, as the snow continued to fall on Cottonwood Pond.

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The next morning, December 7, I walked to the edge of the woods and looked down toward Cottonwood Pond.  Movement and a flash of bright red caught my eye.  A male Cardinal was flying from one root to another, and to limbs and branches outside the pond.  I am sure he was attracted to the seeds on plants around the pond, but I don't know if he was interested in something on or above the water, or the icy water itself. 

A  Dark-Eyed Junco was also flitting about here, doing its double-footed backwards jump-dig in the snow near the pond, but also perching briefly on the roots.  Both birds seemed to linger in the more sheltered area close to the root ball.

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